vasm

vasm is a portable and retargetable assembler to create linkable objects in various formats or absolute code. Multiple CPU-, syntax and output-modules can be selected.

Many common directives/pseudo-opcodes are supported (depending on the syntax module) as well as CPU-specific extensions.

The assembler supports optimizations (e.g. choosing the shortest possible branch instruction or addressing mode) and relaxations (e.g. converting a branch to an absolute jump when necessary).

Most syntax modules support macros, include directives, repetitions, conditional assembly and local symbols.

• 6502 family (including 65C02, 65CE02, DTV, 45GS02, HU6280, 65802, 65816)
• 6800 family (6800, 6801, 6803, 68HC11)
• 6809 family (6809, 6309, Turbo9, Konami-2 and 68HC12)
• 80x86 family (IA32 8/16/32 bit, using AT&T-syntax)
• ARM (architecture ARMv1 to ARMv4, including THUMB mode)
• C16x/ST10
• ColdFire family (all models of V2, V3, V4, V4e)
• HANS project (32-bit FPGA CPU)
• Jaguar RISC (GPU and DSP instruction sets)
• M680x0 family (including M6888x, M68851, CPU32 and Apollo 68080)
• PDP-11 architecture (includes EIS, FIS)
• PowerPC family (POWER, 40x, 440, 460, 6xx, 7xx, 7xxx, 860, Book-E, e300 and e500)
• QNICE (elegant 16-bit FPGA CPU)
• Raspberry-Pi VideoCore IV
• Sony SPC700
• SunPlus μnSP CPU (ISA V1.0 and V1.1)
• TR3200 (virtual CPU from 0x10c)
• Z80 family (Z80, 8080, 8085, GBZ80, 64180, RCM2/3/4k)

• Standard (GNU-as style) syntax
• Motorola/Freescale 68k syntax (Devpac compatible)
• Atari MadMac syntax (6502, 68k, Jaguar)
• Old 8-bit style syntax

• a.out (M68k, i386 and JRISC)
• Amiga hunk format (M68k)
• Apple DOS, Atari COM, Commodore PRG, Oric TAP binary formats (6502)
• Atari TOS executable format (M68k)
• Atari DRI object file format (M68k)
• C #define output format (all)
• C256 Foenix PGX and PGZ binary formats (65816)
• EHF extended hunk format (PowerPC)
• ELF (M68k, PowerPC, i386, ARM and JRISC)
• GST object file format
• HANS project output format
• Intel-Hex format (all)
• MOS Paper Tape format (all)
• Motorola Srecord format (all)
• o65 relocatable format (6502, 65816)
• Raw, binary output (all)
• Sharp X68000 Xfile (and Zfile) format (M68k)
• Tandy Color Computer and Dragon DOS binaries (6809)
• Test, debugging output (all, default)
• VOBJ proprietary versatile object format (all)
• Wozmon monitor format (6502)

• Fixed output of the last byte in a CPU's address space for multiple output formats allowing absolute addressing: gst, ihex, pap, srec, woz.
• Try to convert 128-bit expressions to the backend's native address size when possible, while parsing it.
• Support left and right shift operations using a shift-count larger than the backend's native address size.
• Defining symbols which were declared as externally defined is no longer an error but a warning, as this is usually harmless.
• Fixed possible internal error when defining a label on the same line as a section directive.
• m68k: Reverted change from V2.0: out of range warnings have become errors again. These checks can be disabled by multiple options and directives.
• m68k: Improved error messages for quick-immediate and shift-values.
• m68k: Huge (128-bit) expressions are allowed in immediate 8/16/32-bit addressing modes when the final value fits or when range-checking was disabled.
• m68k: Apollo: Disabled illegal optimization of ADDI.B #n,An into ADDQ.
• m68k: New option -warnunaligned to warn about accesses to odd addresses.
• 6809: -konami2 option now enables the original instruction set (rev. 052001), while the extended instruction set for later revisions is available via -konami2ext (e.g. rev. 052526, 053248).
• jagrisc: New option -opt-jr=<n> automatically translates out-of-range JR branches into MOVEI plus JUMP, using Rn as a temporary register.
• jagrisc: New option -no-opt disables all standard optimizations.
• jagrisc: Optimize MOVEI to MOVEQ when possible (constant from 0 to 31).
• jagrisc: Fixed JR/JUMP with externally defined CC.
• jagrisc: Allow relocations for LOAD/STORE (Rn+x), but note that there are still errors when x becomes 32.
• mot-syntax: -devpac compatility automatically disables warnings for xref on defined symbols and xdef on undefined symbols.
• oldstyle-syntax: Fixed data directives with comment characters (for example: db 1,';',2).
• vobj-output: Fix handling of section sizes which have the MSB set.
• bin-output: New option -join implements a mini-linker for multiple sections.

• New CPU backend for the SPC700, as used in the SuperFamicom and SNES for sound processing.
• New option -no-msrcdebug to disable source level debugging within a macro context (MSOURCE directive in mot-syntax).
• Fixed potential crash with NOLIST directives, when listing file is enabled (new bug since V2.0).
• Assign a relocated org address to labels already in the parser pass to make conditional assembly (sort of) work.
• Fixed DWARF output for advancing the state machine by 15 * instruction size.
• m68k: Allow Apollo immediate FPU instructions with a third operand again (broken since V2.0).
• 6502: Fixed external branch label references.
• 6502: Fixed Mega65 32-bit indirect instructions (broken since V1.9a).
• 6809: Added Konami-6809 support, used on arcade boards (patch submitted by Jim Westfall).
• 6809: Fixed two-byte opcodes with the MSB in the first byte set (for example HC12 TAP).
• mot-syntax: The rept directive allows for an optional counter symbol name.
• oldstyle-syntax: The label field allows preceding whitespace now, provided it is followed by a ':', an '=', or an assignment directive (EQU, SET).
• oldstyle-syntax: Allow anonymous labels together with multiple statements per line (Z80).
• oldstyle-syntax: ascii does not null-terminate strings. asc is not the same as byte.
• oldstyle-syntax: The size of multi-byte data and space directives depends on the target CPU now. For example long is 24 bits for 6502/65816.
• oldstyle-syntax: defp uses the target's address size, like da and addr.
• oldstyle-syntax: fdb doesn't define words but double-bytes (whenever that matters).
• oldstyle-syntax: New directive dl (long word).
• oldstyle-syntax: New directives with fixed bit-size for forming constant data and space: di8, di16, di24, di32, di64, ds8, ds16, ds24, ds32, ds64.
• oldstyle-syntax: The rept and repeat directives allow an optional second argument to specify the name of an iteration symbol to use.
• hunk-output: -kick1hunks ignores section memory flags except CHIP and FAST with a warning.

• Fixed bad path in source level debugging information, when the initial source file and an include file were based on the same "compile directory".
• Get rid of C99-round() dependency.
• Fixed empty strings, which were broken in V2.0. They should not generate any data.
• When position-independant code is requested (-pic option) the assembler defaults to relocatable mode (to be able to detect violations).
• Allow 64-bit (or more) expressions with absolute label addresses.
• 6502: Additionally allow BRK with an immediate 8-bit operand.
• 6502: Operand prefix character '?' can be used to select the Memory/Bank-ID where the referenced symbol resides. Requires the use of VOBJ and vlink.
• mot-syntax: A double colon after the label also exports RS symbols now.
• madmac-syntax: New directives: ifdef and ifndef (just for convenience, they are no official MadMac directives!).
• madmac-syntax: Fix problem with print-directive when string is empty.
• oldstyle-syntax: Fixed usage of '$' as current-PC symbol for Z80, which was broken since V2.0.
• oldstyle-syntax: Fixed definition of structure offset labels, which should be referenceable by structname.offsetname. Broken since V2.0.
• hunk-output: Fixed output generated by Databss directives (like DX in mot-syntax). Broken in V2.0.
• hunk-output: -linedebug: do not generate multiple entries per line.

• Support for architectures which have bytes with more than 8 bits.
• Output formats bin, ihex, srec, test and vobj currently support >8-bit bytes.
• New options -obe and -ole to define the endianess of target-bytes in binary output.
• New options -ibe and -ile to define the endianess of target-bytes in binary includes (incbin).
• New option -underscore adds a leading underscore to all imported and exported symbol names.
• New option -relpath to treat all include paths as relative first, even when starting with '/' or '\'.
• Reworked relocations and added the option to define their signedness.
• New CPU backend for unSP (micro-nSP), having 16-bit bytes. Contributed by Adrien Destugues.
• New CPU backend for the FPGA-CPU HANS, using 32-bit bytes. Contributed by Yannick Stamm.
• New output module "pap", which outputs MOS Paper Tape files, as documented in the KIM-1 User's Manual. Contributed by Dimitri Theulings.
• When printing error messages in macros, also print the source text line calling the macro.
• A macro redefinition prints a warning with the previous definition. The old macro is correctly replaced.
• Also warn about initialized space atoms (.space, etc.) in BSS sections.
• Workaround for a Windows bug, when reading a source text from stdin directly via the terminal.
• Fixed output of 64-bit symbol values in vobjdump.
• Directives to suppress listing file output (like NOLIST) will no longer appear in the listing file.
• Fixed string constants (in immediate addressing modes) with non-ASCII characters.
• Fixed potential buffer overflow when generating a section name for ORG directives (since V1.9f).
• Output modules now show the source line for unknown relocation errors.
• m68k: Most out of range errors have now become warnings.
• m68k: Out of range 8-bit immediate constants write to all 16 bits of the extension word, with a warning (to be able to simulate the behaviour of some old, faulty assemblers).
• m68k: Improved -opt-size optimization for move.l->moveq/lsl, which now optimizes all values below 0x8000 where the highest and lowest bit set does not span more than 7 bits (suggested by Erik Hemming).
• m68k: Float-constant optimization (OPT of, enabled by default) now also supports integer constant optimization to 16-bit.
• m68k: Command line options of the form -opt-<option> execute a Devpac-style option in the same way as an OPT directive at the top of the source text.
• m68k: New options -warnabs16 and -warnabs32 to show a warning when accessing absolute 16- oder 32-bit addresses.
• m68k: Fixed assigning another register list symbol with REG/EQURL, which was broken since V1.9a.
• m68k: REG/EQURL directives optionally allow to specify register lists as a register mask constant (BAsm compatibility).
• m68k: Add Apollo E-register banking for negx, swap, movex, sCC, addiw.l, cmpiw.l, rol, ror, roxl, roxr, and perm.
• m68k: Apollo instructions pabsb, pabsw are gone (opcode space will be reused in future).
• m68k: Apollo fmove.{b/w/l/s/d} En,Em is replaced by floadi and fstorei to make clear whether the Em target is an integer or floating point register.
• m68k: New Apollo instructions: fmoverz, fmoveurz, moveiw, mov3q, movs, movz, move2 (updated), clr.q.
• m68k: Do not allow Bcc.B with branch distance -130 for Apollo, as it would encode as $6xff (opcode for 32-bit branch).
• 6502: Added al/as/xl/xs as aliases for a16/a8/x16/x8 directives. Added longa/longi as WDC-style aliases for theses directives (65816).
• 6502: Absolute 16-bit addressing modes ignore the bank by default for 65816.
• 6502: Optionally allow alternative syntax with immediate operands for MVN, MVP and PEA (65816).
• 6502: Out of range errors turned into warnings.
• 6502: CPU directive, to define the cpu model.
• 6502: Byte-selector operators are gone and turned into operand prefixes, according to the official WDC syntax.
• 6502: New option -am to mask all immediate and data values to their specified size.
• 6502: Hu6280 uses SETDP $2000 to move the zero page for automatic code optimizations.
• 6502: New option -dpo to generate offset-relocs for zero- or direct-page accesses.
• x86: Default to 16-bit addressing when -m selects a CPU below 386. Default to 64-bit addressing with -m64.
• x86: Let the mnemonic's suffix always decide about the operation size, even when the operand is a label (gas seems to do the same).
• x86: Mask all immediate operand relocations according to their size (to allow something like movb $label,dest or movw $label,dest).
• x86: Fix macros with size-suffixes (b,w,l,s,q,x). Size qualifiers are no longer allowed in x86-macros.
• x86: Allow multiple alternating .codeNN directives in the source.
• x86: Add missing prefix when using 32-bit registers in 16-bit mode.
• x86: Fixed relative calls with size suffix (callw, calll) in 16/32-bit mode.
• mot-syntax: Fixed non-zero offset in CNOP, which was broken since V1.7c.
• mot-syntax: TTL sets the listing file page title and not the unit name.
• oldstyle-syntax: MACRO (written in upper case) didn't work with arguments.
• oldstyle-syntax: New ifblank and ifnblank directives may be used to check whether a macro argument was given.
• oldstyle-syntax: New directive exitmacro to exit recursive macro invocations.
• oldstyle-syntax: New directive da as an alias for addr.
• oldstyle-syntax: New directive bss to reserve space, like ds or reserve.
• oldstyle-syntax: New directives blkl and dsl for defining space with a 32-bit pattern.
• oldstyle-syntax: Section attributes 'f' and 'z' may be used to designate a section for far- or near-addressing (e.g. direct/zero-page).
• oldstyle-syntax: Fixed FCC for single characters (no expressions allowed).
• oldstyle-syntax: The closing quote-character (' or ") in single-character expressions is now optional (compatibility with old Motorola sources).
• oldstyle-syntax: Broken hex-constants with the minus-operator following the '$' are supported for compatibility reasons.
• oldstyle-syntax: Allow optional colon after a label for macro, equ and set directives.
• std-syntax: The "true" result of logical operations should be 1 not -1.
• std-syntax: Allow XY' (alternate) registers with Z80.
• std-syntax: The .org directive always defines the absolute address for subsequent code, as long as no relocatable section was defined (or -gas).
• std-syntax: .ifc and .ifnc directives for comparing strings.
• hunk-output: New option -noabspath to refrain from creating absolute paths for source line debugging (LINE debug format).
• hunk-output: Automatic source line debugging output (-linedebug) also includes BSS sections now, unless Devpac-compatibility was specified (-devpac).
• hunk-output: New options -dbg-local and -dbg-globloc to include local labels into the debug symbol hunk (HUNK_SYMBOL).
• hunk-output: Warn about odd relocation offsets, which might crash the AmigaOS loader on 68000 and 68010 systems (suggested by Erik Hemming).
• o65-output: Support low-word relocs in 65816 mode.
• bin-output: Fixed overlapping misdetection with empty org-sections.
• bin-output: Foenix PGX format supports 65C02 and PGZ format supports 32-bit.
• bin-output: New option -coalesced to output org-blocks without padding.
• cdef-output: Do not output internal symbols.
• elf-output: Fixed advancing by more than 63 lines in the DWARF output (patch by arcanist/EAB).
• tos-output: Fixed alignment problem with DRI object file relocs.
• tos-output: New option -zfile to output Sharp X68000 Z-file executables.
• xfile-output: New option -exec to define the execution label.
• xfile-output: New option -loadhigh to load the executable into high memory.

• Fix relative section offset directives, which must be unsigned to work correctly over the whole target's address space.
• Fixed a few issues with named macro arguments.
• Do not warn about missing references to Common or Weak symbols.
• Binary output modules allow addresses outside of the backend's address space.
• m68k: MOVEM (An),An/Am must not be optimized into two MOVE instructions. This was a new bug in V1.9e.
• std-syntax: Fixed binary constant 0b...., which was erroneously mistaken for a one-digit temporary label destination since V1.9a.

• Exit before reading the source (from stdin) when there were errors already.
• Make sure the relocated blocks within all sections are closed after parsing. Otherwise the first pass may find the section in a wrong state.
• Output modules may define the default section, when no SECTION or ORG directive was given. "bin", "ihex" and "srec" now default to "ORG 0".
• New output module "woz", which outputs sections as "wozmon" monitor commands, suitable for ASCII transfer via a serial connection. Contributed by anomie-p.
• m68k: Improved -opt-movem (OPT om+) optimizations, for MOVEM with two registers.
• m68k: Fixed Apollo ADD/SUB->ADDQ/SUBQ optimization with AMMX registers.
• m68k: Enabled Apollo FPU instructions using 64-bit data registers: Fxxx.D Dn,ea, FMOVE.D Fn,Dm, etc.
• m68k: Added missing PC-relative destination addressing modes for Apollo shift instructions and FMOVE, FMOVEM.
• m68k: Apollo bchg/bclr/bset/btst Dn,An must not be allowed (conflicts with MOVEP).
• m68k: New Apollo instructions FDBcc.L, DBcc En,lab; EXTUB.L and EXTUW.L.
• 6809: Fixed typo in the opcode for the 6309 LDMD instruction.
• mot-syntax: Allow multiple consecutive relocated blocks within a section.
• mot-syntax: New directives LOCAL and RSEVEN for compatibility.
• mot-syntax: Allow any type of expression for RSSET, SETSO, SETFO.
• madmac-syntax: Allow multiple consecutive relocated blocks within a section.
• oldstyle-syntax: The label defining the size of a STRUCT block may have been moved into the previous section, or caused a segfault at ENDSTRUCT, since V1.9b.
• tos-output: Also write absolute symbols (equates) into executables.
• tos-output: New option -szbx to enable unlimited symbol names using the SozobonX extension.
• bin-output: New option -start to define the start address for the default org-section.